Analysis and management of delayed cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after invasive pituitary adenoma surgery / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the related factors and treatments of delayed cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (CFR) after invasive pituitary adenoma (IPA) surgery. Methods: One hundred and forty-two patients with IPA treated in Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from January 2014 to January 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, including 62 males and 80 females, aging from 38 to 67 years. The clinical data of patients before and after operation were collected. All patients with postoperative CFR underwent endoscopic CFR repair. During the operation, residual or recurrent pituitary adenomas were resected, the dura around the leak was enlarged and the necrotic tissue was removed. For those who still had fluid leakage after repair, the necrotic tissue was cleaned up, the leakage was filled and reinforced under endoscopy. Endoscopic rhinorrhea repair was performed if necessary. The cerebrospinal fluid leak was repaired with multi-layer materials. The related risk factors of delayed CFR after operation were analyzed. SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Among the 142 patients in this group, 64 cases underwent total tumor resection and 78 cases underwent non-total tumor resection. They were followed up for 6 to 72 months. Thirty-one cases had delayed CFR, with an incidence of 21.83%, and occurred between 1 and 5 years postoperatively, with an average of 2.4 years. All 31 patients with delayed CFR underwent endoscopic CFR repair. The nasal endoscopy was rechecked at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after operation. Twenty-eight patients were repaired successfully after 1 operation, while 2 patients after 2 operations and 1 patient after 3 operations. These patients were followed up for 6 to 60 months, and no CFR occurred again. Univariate analysis showed that the degree of tumor resection, recurrence, size, texture, postoperative radiotherapy and operator experience were the risk factors of delayed CFR (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the degree of tumor resection and recurrence were the highest independent risk factors for postoperative CFR, and tumor size, texture, postoperative radiotherapy and operator experience were the independent risk factors in this study. Conclusions: Delayed CFR after IPA is related to the degree of tumor resection, recurrence, size, texture, postoperative radiotherapy and the operator experience. It is necessary to completely remove the tumor under endoscope, to expand resection of the dura and necrotic tissue around the leak, to repair the defect with multi-layer materials, to follow-up closely and to repair timely after operation.

Endoscopic endonasal double flap technique for reconstruction of large anterior skull base defects: technical note / Técnica endoscópica endonasal utilizando duplo retalho para reconstrução de grandes defeitos da base anterior do crânio: nota técnica

Abstract Introduction: One of the main concerns in endoscopic endonasal approaches to the skull base has been the high incidence and morbidity associated with cerebrospinal fluid leaks. The introduction and routine use of vascularized flaps allowed a marked decrease in this complication followed by a great expansion in the indications and techniques used in endoscopic endonasal approaches, extending to defects from huge tumours and previously inaccessible areas of the skull base. Objective: Describe the technique of performing endoscopic double flap multi-layered reconstruction of the anterior skull base without craniotomy. Methods: Step by step description of the endoscopic double flap technique (nasoseptal and pericranial vascularized flaps and fascia lata free graft) as used and illustrated in two patients with an olfactory groove meningioma who underwent an endoscopic approach. Results: Both patients achieved a gross total resection: subsequent reconstruction of the anterior skull base was performed with the nasoseptal and pericranial flaps onlay and a fascia lata free graft inlay. Both patients showed an excellent recovery, no signs of cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningitis, flap necrosis, chronic meningeal or sinonasal inflammation or cerebral herniation having developed. Conclusion: This endoscopic double flap technique we have described is a viable, versatile and safe option for anterior skull base reconstructions, decreasing the incidence of complications in endoscopic endonasal approaches.

Resumo Introdução: Uma das principais preocupações em abordagens endoscópicas endonasais da base do crânio tem sido a alta incidência e morbidade associada a fístulas liquóricas. A introdução e o uso rotineiro de retalhos vascularizados permitiram uma acentuada redução dessa complicação, seguida por uma grande expansão nas indicações e técnicas utilizadas nas abordagens endoscópicas endonasais, incluindo grandes tumores e áreas anteriormente inacessíveis da base do crânio. Objetivo: Descrever a técnica cirúrgica realizando uma reconstrução endoscópica multicamadas da base anterior do crânio com duplo retalho, sem craniotomia. Método: Descrição passo a passo da técnica endoscópica com duplo retalho (retalhos vascularizados nasoseptal e pericraniano e enxerto livre de fascia lata), utilizados e ilustrados em dois pacientes com meningioma do sulco olfatório submetidos à cirurgia por via endoscópica endonasal. Resultados: Em ambos os pacientes procedeu-se ressecção total macroscópica seguido de reconstrução da base anterior do crânio com os retalhos nasoseptal e pericraniano onlay e enxerto livre de fáscia lata inlay. Os pacientes apresentaram uma excelente recuperação, sem sinais de fístula liquórica, meningite, necrose do retalho, inflamação meníngea crônica ou sinonasal ou hérnia cerebral. Conclusão: A técnica endoscópica de duplo retalho, como descrita, trata-se de uma opção viável, versátil e segura para as reconstruções da base anterior do crânio, diminuindo a incidência de complicações em abordagens cirúrgicas endoscópicas endonasais.

Manejo endoscópico del meningoencefalocele de base de cráneo anterior / Endoscopic management of anterior skull base meningoencephalocele

RESUMEN La fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) corresponde a una comunicación anormal entre el espacio subaracnoideo y la porción neumatizada de la base de cráneo anterior en relación con las cavidades paranasales. Fístulas persistentes requieren reparación quirúrgica por el riesgo de meningitis, abscesos cerebrales y neumoencéfalo asociado. El gold standard es el abordaje extracraneal endoscópico. Uno de los principales inconvenientes es dañar estructuras intracraneanas nobles. La ayuda de tecnologías como la cirugía guiada por imágenes, contribuye a disminuir este problema. A continuación se presentan dos casos clínicos de fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo en base de cráneo anterior, asociado a meningoencefalocele, intervenidos por cirugía endonasal guiada por imágenes.

ABSTRACT Endoscopic management of anterior skull base meningoencephalocele. The cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF) is an abnormal communication between the subaracnoid space and the pneumatic portion of the anterior cranial base which is related to the paranasal cavities. The persistent leak requires surgery due to the potential complications such as meningitis, cerebral abscess or pneumoencephalus. Extracranial endoscopic approach is the gold standard procedure. One of the most important risk of the surgery is to damage noble intracranial structures. This situation can be ameliorated by using image guided surgery. We present two cases of CSF in anterior cranial base associated with meningoencephalocele that were treated in our center using nasal image guided endoscopic surgery.

Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea / Reparo endoscópico de fístulas liquóricas nasais

Abstract Introduction: Nasal liquorrhea indicates a cerebrospinal fluid fistula, an open communication between the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid and the nasal cavity. It can be traumatic and spontaneous. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistula using fluorescein. Methods: This retrospective study included 30 patients of both sexes, with a mean age of 48.7 years, treated in the period from 2007 to 2015. All patients underwent lumbar administration of 5% sodium fluorescein solution preoperatively. Fistula was closed using three-layer graft and fibrin glue. Results: Cerebrospinal fluid fistulas were commonly located in the ethmoid (37%) and sphenoid sinus (33%). Most patients presented with traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistulas (2/3 of patients). The reported success rate for the first repair attempt was 97%. Complications occurred in three patients: one patient presented with acute hydrocephalus, one with reversible encephalopathy syndrome on the fifth postoperative day with bilateral loss of vision, and one patient was diagnosed with hydrocephalus two years after the repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistula. Conclusion: Endoscopic diagnosis and repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas using fluorescein intrathecally has high success rate and low complication rate.

Resumo Introdução: A liquorreia nasal indica uma fístula liquórica (FL), uma comunicação aberta entre o líquido cerebrospinal intracraniano e a cavidade nasal. Pode ser traumática e espontânea. Objetivo: Avaliar o desfecho do reparo endoscópico da fístula liquórica nasal com o uso de fluoresceína. Método: Este estudo retrospectivo incluiu 30 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 48,7 anos, tratados de 2007 a 2015. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à administração lombar de solução de fluoresceína de sódio a 5% no pré-operatório. A fístula foi fechada com enxerto de três camadas e cola de fibrina. Resultados: As fístulas de líquido cerebrospinal foram comumente localizadas no seio etmoidal (37%) e esfenoidal (33%). A maioria dos pacientes apresentou fístulas liquóricas traumáticas (2/3). A taxa de sucesso relatada para a primeira tentativa de reparo foi de 97%. Complicações ocorreram em três pacientes: um apresentou hidrocefalia aguda; um, síndrome reversível de encefalopatia no quinto dia de pós-operatório com perda bilateral da visão; e um foi diagnosticado com hidrocefalia dois anos após o reparo de fístula liquórica. Conclusão: O diagnóstico endoscópico e o reparo de fístulas liquóricas nasais com uso de fluoresceína intratecal têm alta taxa de sucesso e baixo índice de complicações.

Endoscopic endonasal management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after anterior clinoidectomy for aneurysm surgery: changing the paradigm of complication management / Endoscopia endonasal no tratamento da fístula liquórica após clinoidectomia anterior na cirurgia de aneurisma: mudando o paradigma no manejo desta complicação

ABSTRACT Resection of the anterior clinoid process results in the creation of the clinoid space, an important surgical step in the exposure and clipping of clinoidal and supraclinoidal internal carotid artery aneurysms. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is an undesired and potentially serious complication. Conservative measures may be unsuccesful, and there is no consensus on the most appropriate surgical treatment. Two patients with persistent transclinoidal CSF rhinorrhea after aneurysm surgery were successfully treated with a combined endoscopic transnasal/transeptal binostril approach using a fat graft and ipsilateral mucosal nasal septal flap. Anatomical considerations and details of the surgical technique employed are discussed, and a management plan is proposed.

RESUMO A ressecção da clinóide anterior resulta na criação do espaço clinoideo, um passo cirúrgico importante na exposição e clipagem de aneurismas dos segmentos clinoideo e supraclinoideo da artéria carótida interna. Fístula liquórica é uma das complicaçoes mais indesejadas e é potencialmente grave. O manejo com medidas conservadoras pode ser bem sucedido, e não há consenso sobre o tratamento cirúrgico mais adequado. Dois pacientes com rinorréia persistente secundária a fistula liquórica transclinoidal após cirurgia de aneurisma foram tratados com sucesso por uma abordagem endoscópica combinada transnasal/transseptal binostril usando um enxerto de gordura e retalho de mucosa naso-septal ipsilateral. Considerações anatômicas e detalhes da técnica cirúrgica empregada são discutidos, e um plano de manejo destes tipo de fistula líquorica é proposto.

Coronary artery bypass surgery in the presence of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.

A seventy eight year old male patient was admitted in our hospital with headache, vomiting, irritability and confusion. Initially he was diagnosed as a case of pyogenic encephalitis. Further investigations revealed that patient had cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and coronary artery disease. He successfully underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and cerebrospinal fluid leak repair.

Rhinorrhée cérébrospinale: difficultés thérapeutiques et facteurs d'échec

Introduction : La rhinorrhee cerebrospinale (rCS) resulte d'une breche osteomeningee faisant communiquer les cavites naso-sinusiennes avec les espaces sous-arachnoidiens. Sa gravite est liee au risque de complications infectieuses endocraniennes. Objectifs : discuter les modalites de prise en charge de la rCS et en analyser les facteurs d'echec. Patients et methode : Il s'agit d'une etude retrospective a propos de 15 patients presentant une rhinorrhee cerebrospinale en rapport avec une breche meningee traitee dans notre service. Resultats : L'age moyen de nos patients etait de 44;9 ans. Le motif de consultation etait une rhinorrhee claire intermittente. la notion de meningite etait rapportee dans 2cas. Un scanner du massif facial etait pratique dans tous les cas. Une cisterno IRM etait pratiquee dans 7 cas. La voie endoscopique etait adoptee dans14 cas et la voie combinee dans 1 cas. L'interposition de la greffe etait faite selon la procedure overlay dans tous les cas. Deux recidives ont ete notees et ont ete reprises chirurgicalement avec succes. Conclusion : La voie endonasale est une approche efficace et non invasive des breches osteomeningees. elle trouve son indication meme en cas d'echec de la voie transcranienne

Endoscopic Repair of Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhoea Via Paraseptal Approach.

CSF rhinorrhoea poses a significant challenge even to most astute and experienced surgeons in its accurate localization and management. The diagnosis of CSF leak is ascertained on proper history, neurologic and otorhinolaryngologic examination, laboratory tests and endoscopic findings supplanted by appropriate radiologic studies. The exact visualization and atraumatic surgical technique using endoscope provides better lighting with magnified view, even in lateral recesses giving an edge over other techniques, thus enhancing the surgical outcome.

Obliteración del seno frontal para el tratamiento de fístulas de LCR y meningoencefaloceles / Frontal sinus obliteration for treatment of CSF leaks and meningoencephaloceles

El tratamiento endoscópico de las fístulas de LCR se ha convertido en el gold standard. No obstante, aquellas localizadas en seno frontal presentan serias dificultades para su abordaje endoscópico, especialmente si se asocia la existencia de un meningoencefalocele. En estos casos se debe valorar el abordaje externo con obliteración del seno frontal. Presentamos dos casos de fístulas de LCR cuyo origen fue debido a sendos meningoencefaloceles protruyendo a través de la pared posterior del seno frontal y que precisaron de un abordaje externo para su tratamiento.

Endoscopic treatment of CSF leak is the Gold Standard. Nevertheless, at frontal sinus it is very difficult the endoscopic approach, especially if there is a meningoencephalocele associated. In these cases, an external approach with frontal sinus obliteration should be considered. We present two cases of CSF leaks whose origin are meningoencephaloceles that protrude from posterior frontal sinus wall, treated with an external approach.

Fístula liquórica traumática com luxação de globo ocular: relato de caso / Management of globe luxation followed by traumatic liquoric fistula: case report

This report describes the only case in the literature of globe luxation due to traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula to the orbit caused by fire gun with ocular globe maintenance. E.N., female, white, 7 months, admitted with left orbitocranial injury by fire gun. Ocular globe luxation was detected with complete ocular motility restriction and absence of pupillary reflex in the left orbit. Computed tomography showed fracture of the medial orbital wall; bone fragments near the apex of the orbit and a stretched optic nerve. Surgical exploration was performed, showing liquor fistula through the ethmoid-sphenoid wall that was blocked with sponge (Gelfoam®) plus organic glue in the left orbit posterior wall, with immediate resolution of the proptosis and ocular integrity maintenance. Although controversial, maintenance of the ocular globe instead of enucleation was performed due to the integrity of the globe in this case. Despite the blindness, we considered the result to the proposed treatment excellent, once the maintenance of the ocular globe provides a good appearance and will contribute to an adequate facial bone development.

O presente estudo apresenta o único caso de luxação de globo ocular devido fístula liquórica traumática em vítima de trauma órbito-cerebral por projétil de arma de fogo com a preservação do globo ocular. E.N., feminino, branca, 7 meses, admitida com ferimento por projétil de arma de fogo em região órbito-craniana esquerda. Apresentava luxação de globo ocular esquerdo com restrição completa da motilidade ocular e reflexo fotomotor ausente à esquerda. À tomografia: fraturas da parede medial da órbita; fragmentos ósseos próximos ao ápice da órbita. Realizou-se exploração cirúrgica, evidenciando-se fístula liquórica através de fratura etmoido-esfenoidal a qual foi tamponada com esponja (Gelfoam®) e cola orgânica na parte posterior da parede medial da órbita esquerda, com regressão imediata da luxação do globo ocular, sendo o mesmo mantido íntegro. Embora controversa na literatura, optou-se pela preservação do globo ocular à enucleação, visto que o mesmo estava íntegro. Apesar da cegueira, consideramos um excelente resultado ao tratamento proposto, tendo em vista que a preservação do globo ocular provém uma boa aparência, favorecendo também o desenvolvimento ósseo da face.

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: etiology, site of leakage and endoscopic management

To determine the etiology and site of leak of cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] rhinorrhea and the surgical efficacy of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery [FESS], in closing the defect of CSF leak by different graft materials. Case series. Department of ENT-Head and Neck Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, from September 2005 to December 2008. Clinical and pathological records of 23 patients who were diagnosed to have cerebrospinal fluid leak and managed by endoscopic approach were studied. Different graft materials alone or in combination were used endoscopically to seal the CSF leak. Results were obtained in terms of successful closure of the CSF leak, as evidenced by cessation of CSF rhinorrhea. Iatrogenic trauma, due to previous surgery, was the commonest cause in [n=9, 39%] patients. Lateral lamella of cribriform plate [fovea ethmoidalis] was the commonest site of leak [n=10, 43.5%]. The leak was closed solely by fat in 15 [65.2%] cases, combination of fat and middle turbinate mucosa [two layered] in 7 [30.4%] patients and temporalis fascia only in one patient [4.3%]. Successful closure of the CSF leak in the first attempt was achieved in 22 [95.6%] patients. Success rate achieved by endoscopic approach in this study was high. However, more data is required to prove the superiority of FESS over intracranial approach for management of CSF rhinorrhea

Reparación endoscópica endonasal de fístulas de líquido cefalorraquídeo no quirúrgicas: experiencia Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile / Transnasal endoscopic repair of nonsurgical cerebrospinal fluid leaks: experience at the University of Chile Clinical Hospital

Introducción: La fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo (FLCR) no quirúrgica es una patología que requiere tratamiento quirúrgico en un alto porcentaje de los casos, siendo el abordaje endoscópico una buena alternativa. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de nuestro hospital en el manejo endoscópico de esta patología. Material y método: Mediante estudio retrospectivo descriptivo se analizan 11 casos clínicos. Se describen antecedentes demográficos, forma de presentación, estudio, etiología, técnica quirúrgica, seguimiento, tasa de éxito y complicaciones. Resultados: Once pacientes, 9 de sexo femenino, edad promedio 44,5 años. Localización fosa anterior 8/11 y fosa media 3/11. El tamaño del defecto fue menor a 10 mm en todos los casos. La etiología fue traumática en 2/11, espontánea en 5/11 y congénita en 4/11, de éstas 3 por persistencia del conducto de Sternberg. El injerto fue mucosa más grasa 6/11 y mucosa sola en 5/11. La técnica fue overlay 8/11 y underlay en los 3 restantes. El injerto se colocó libre en 9/11 ypediculado en 2 casos. El seguimiento promedio fue 14 meses. Tasa de éxito de cierre de 100 por ciento en la primera cirugía en todos los casos (11/11). No se evidenciaron complicaciones precoces ni tardías. Conclusiones: La reparación endoscópica de FLCR no quirúrgica es una técnica poco agresiva, efectiva y de bajo riesgo.

Introduction: The cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSFL) not surgical is a pathology that needs surgical treatment in a high percentage of the cases, being the endoscopic repair a good alternative. Aim: Describe the experience of our hospital in the endoscopic repair of this pathology. Material and method: Retrospective descriptive study, 11 clinical cases are analyzed. There are described demographic antecedents, form of presentation, study, etiology, surgical technology, follow-up, rate of success and complications. Results: Eleven patients, 9 females, average age 44,5 years. Anterior skull base defect 8/11 and medial skull base 3/11. The size of the defect was less than 10 mm in all cases. The etiology was traumatic in 2/11, spontaneous 5/11 and congenital in 4/11, these 2 was Sternberg ductus. The gran was mucosa plus fat 6/11 and mucosa alone in 5/11. The overlay thecnique was 8/11 and underlay in 3 case. The gran was free on 9/11 and pedicle In 2 cases. Mean follow-up was 14 months. Success rate of close to 100 percent in the first surgery In all cases (11/11). There were no early or late complications. Conclusions: Endoscopic repair CSFL not surgical is a slightly aggressive, effective and low risk technique.

Manejo endoscopico de las fístulas de líquido céfalo raquídeo del piso craneal anterior / Endoscopic treatment of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae of skull base

La fístula de líquido céfalo raquídeo (LCR) implica un quiebre de todas las barreras entre el espacio subaracnoideo y el tracto aéreo digestivo superior. Es una condición seria y fatal. La meningitis bacteriana es la mayor causa de morbilidad y mortalidad asociada a esta condición. Existen múltiples clasificaciones que tratan de sistematizar este problema, algunas de ellas son de escaso valor para el clínico. Existe una evolución en los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos en esta patología. Se presenta el marco teórico de la patología, evolución de la técnica quirúrgica, conceptos actuales en la reparación endoscópica de las fístulas de LCR y la experiencia quirúrgica desarrollada por los autores en 24 pacientes tratados en el Hospital Regional de Concepción durante el periodo abril 2001 a agosto 2008.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) fistulae involves a breakdown of all barriers that separates de subarachnoid space from the upper aero digestive tract. It is a serious and sometimes fatal condition. Meningitis is the mayor cause of morbidity anc mortality. There are many classifications trying to deal witt this issue, some of them with mean less clinical value. There is an evolution in diagnostic and therapeutic methods in this pathology We present the theoretical frame of this pathology, the evolution of the surgical technique, the current concepts in the endoscopic repair of CSF fistulae and the surgical experience developed by the authors in 24 patients treateo at the Hospital regional de Concepcion between April 2001 and August 2008.

Correção endoscópica de fístula liquórica rinogênica: experiência de 44 casos / Endoscopic repair of CSF rhinorrhea: experience of 44 cases

A comunicação entre o espaço subaracnóideo e a cavidade nasal ou seios frontal, etmoidal e esfenoidal denomina-se fístula liquórica rinogênica. A fístula liquórica rinogênica tem potencial de complicação com importante morbidade e mortalidade. Ela pode apresentar um verdadeiro desafio no diagnóstico, na sua localização e no seu tratamento. FORMA DE ESTUDO: estudo de série. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Entre 1993 a 2004, 44 pacientes com fístula liquórica rinogênica foram submetidos à abordagem endoscópica no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo. Os prontuários de todos os pacientes tratados foram revisados. RESULTADO: Quarenta e quatro pacientes, 16 mulheres (36 por cento) e 28 homens (64 por cento) foram incluídos no estudo. A idade variou de 02 a 68 anos (média =40,3). A etiologia, o sítio da fístula, o diagnóstico, a técnica empregada e o seguimento pós-operatório foram discutidos. CONCLUSÃO: Os autores concluíram que a técnica cirúrgica endoscópica endonasal para o tratamento de fístula liquórica rinogênica apresenta elevado sucesso, baixa morbidade e resultados em longo prazo confiáveis.

Surgical management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea under endoscopic control

Descrevemos a técnica de oclusão endoscópica por via endonasal de fístula liquórica proveniente do andar anterior em três pacientes. Dois pacientes tiveram o diagnóstico e os orifícios da fístula localizados após injeção intratecal de fluoresceína sódica. A oclusão foi obtida com enxerto de gordura livre, fragmentos de mucopericôndrio septal ou mucoperiósteal retirado do corneto médio ou inferior e selados com o auxílio de cola de fibrina. A cirurgia endoscópica endonasal é técnica segura e eficaz no tratamento da fístula esfeno-etmoidal, constituindo alternativa à abordagem craniana.

Non-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: diangosis and management

Although the majority of cerebrospinal [CSF] fistulas in the anterior skull base are traumatic in nature, the minority is non-traumatic or primary. Non-traumatic CSF leak can be a diagnostic and treatment challenge. We describe the diagnosis, modified methods of localization, and surgical repair of a series of nine patients who presented with non-traumatic CSF rhinorrhea and were managed between July 2000 and October 2002. Eight patients were managed via an endoscopic approach and one patient through an intracranial approach. The RI/T2-FLAIR test was used for localization of the site of the leak. The test confirmed the site of CSF leak in 6 patients. Successful repair of CSF rhinorrhea was achieved in 7 of 8 patients with a single endoscopic procedure; one patient required two procedures after a re-leak 18 months following the first repair. Non-traumatic CSF rhinorrhea is a relatively rare condition and occurs secondary to different etiologies. Among multiple techniques available for localization, MRI/FLAIR is effective, but requires further evaluation and polishing. In the absence of a large skull base lesion or tumor, endoscopic repair of CSF fistula carries a high success rate with a high margin of safety and low morbidity rate

Fístula liquórica como diagnóstico diferencial de rinite / Cerebrospinal fluid fistula as differential diagnosis from rhinitis

A rinite alérgica representa uma das doenças mais freqüentes na prática diária do alergologista, otorrinolaringologista e do clínico, caracterizando-se clinicamente por espirros mültiplos, coriza hialina, prurido e obstruçäo nasais. A fístula liquórica, mesmo sendo pouco freqüente, é diagnóstico diferencial importante das rinites. Nesta revisäo procuramos abordar, de forma sucinta, características clínicas, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico laboratorial e tratamento da entidade.

Rinoliquorréia espontânea: apresentaçäo de um caso e revisäo da literatura / Spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea: report of a case and review of the literature

Os autores relatam um caso de fístula liquórica nasal espontânea, cuja investigaçao radiológica foi negativa para identificaçao do local da fístula, tendo sido curada com tratamento cirúrgico via trans-esfenoidal. Os métodos diagnósticos de eleiçao sao apresentados, bem como as várias técnicas de abordagem cirúrgica, de acordo com o sítio e fluxo da fístula.